Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual cramps. It is a common problem in menstruating individuals and can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that affects daily functioning.

Types of dysmenorrhea

There are two types:

  1. Primary dysmenorrhea
    • Occurs without underlying medical cause.
    • Is caused by increased production of prostaglandins (substances that stimulate contractions of the uterus).
    • Usually begins in the teenage years, shortly after the first menstruation.
    • Pain usually occurs 1-2 days before or during menstruation and lasts for a few days.
  2. Secondary dysmenorrhea
    • Is caused by an underlying condition, such as:
      • Endometriosis (endometrium growing outside the uterus).
      • Adenomyosis (ingrowth of endometrium into the uterine wall).
      • Flesh trees (fibroids) or pelvic inflammatory disease.
    • Often begins later in life and gets worse over time.
    • The pain can also occur outside of menstruation.

Symptoms of dysmenorrhea

  • Abdominal pain and cramps, especially in the lower abdomen
  • Pain in the lower back and thighs
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Headache or dizziness
  • Diarrhea or constipation
  • Fatigue

Treatment of dysmenorrhea

  • Medication:
    • NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen reduce prostaglandins and pain.
    • Hormonal contraception (such as the pill or IUD) can help regulate menstruation and reduce pain.
  • Lifestyle and natural remedies:
    • Heat (such as a heat pad or hot water bottle) relaxes muscles.
    • Exercise and light yoga can help with pain relief.
    • Healthy foods with less sugar and caffeine can reduce inflammation.
    • Relaxation techniques, such as breathing exercises or acupuncture, can provide relief.

If the pain is severe and does not improve with regular treatments, it is wise to consult a physician to investigate possible underlying causes.

Other menstrual problems...

Learn about common problems and get practical solutions to make your cycle more comfortable. Read all articles on menstrual problems here.

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